Seismic site characterization with shear wave (SH) reflection and refraction methods

Abstract Reflection and critically refracted seismic methods use traveltime measurements of body waves propagating between a source series receivers on the ground surface to calculate subsurface velocities. Body wave energy is or reflected at boundaries where there change in impedance, defined as product material density velocity. This article provides practical guidance horizontally shear (SH-wave) refraction reflection determine velocity function depth for near-surface site characterizations. Method principles current state engineering practice are reviewed, along with discussions limitations uncertainty assessments. Typical data collection procedures described using basic survey equipment, information more advanced applications emerging technologies. Eight case studies provide examples techniques real-world characterizations performed variety geological settings.